APLA Paper

Upload Packages and Data

# Upload Packages for Data analysis and Map
library("dplyr")
library("ggplot2")
theme_set(theme_bw())
library("sf")

library("tmap")
library("rnaturalearth")
library("rnaturalearthdata")
library("tidyr")
library("stringr")  # To do text analysis 
library(rgeos)

# For color
library("RColorBrewer")
library("viridis")
library("ggrepel") # might be useful later

# Plot all titles in ggplot2 centered
theme_update(plot.title = element_text(hjust = 0.5))

library(devtools)

library(usethis)

install_github("hammoudg/apla_dataset")

## * checking for file ‘/private/var/folders/0w/7nzrslj956n2b6nwy8j7nq3c0000gn/T/RtmpoWzdyv/remotes14c2850f9554c/HammoudG-APLA_Dataset-9c88226/DESCRIPTION’ ... OK
## * preparing ‘APLA’:
## * checking DESCRIPTION meta-information ... OK
## * checking for LF line-endings in source and make files and shell scripts
## * checking for empty or unneeded directories
## * building ‘APLA_0.1.0.tar.gz’
## Warning in utils::tar(filepath, pkgname, compression = compression, compression_level = 9L,  :
##   storing paths of more than 100 bytes is not portable:
##   ‘APLA/pdf/Online Appendix - Humanitarian IMPALA and Asylum Policies in Latin America (APLA) Database Coding Frame.pdf’
## Warning in utils::tar(filepath, pkgname, compression = compression, compression_level = 9L,  :
##   using GNU extension for long pathname

library(APLA)


# Upload APLA Database
APLA<- APLA::APLA_Database 

library(dplyr)
# Upload Data for Refugee Numbers only
APLA_Data_1<- APLA::Data_Refugees_UNHCR         # Data APLA  

# Upload Data to Map All Countries Latin America
APLA_Map<- APLA::APLA_Map                      # Data APLA for Mapping

Calculate Regulatory Complexity and Liberalisation

#APLA<- read.csv("APLA_Database.csv")
#summary(APLA)

# Transform as Tibble
APLA_T <- as_tibble(APLA)
#APLA_T

# Filter out columns on international agreements
APLA_T1<- APLA_T %>% select(1,2, 35:262)

# Only Questions of Liberalisation and Comments included
APLA_T2<- APLA_T1 %>% select(1,2, ends_with(c("2_1","3_1_1")))

# Select only commentary section to calculate number "Art" to calculate Regulatory Complexity
APLA_T3<- APLA_T2 %>%
  select(1,2, ends_with("3_1_1"))

# Delete of first row
APLA_T3= APLA_T3[-1,]

# Pivot Table for data manipulation
APLA_T_L <- pivot_longer(APLA_T3, cols = colnames(APLA_T3)[3:length(colnames(APLA_T3))],
                        names_to = "Question", values_to = "Comment")

# Transform variable from factor to string
APLA_T_L$Comment<- as.character(APLA_T_L$Comment)

# Value 1 if "Art" present "0" otherwise
APLA_T_L1<- APLA_T_L %>%
  mutate(Included= ifelse(grepl("Art", APLA_T_L$Comment), 1,0))

# Aggregate values of Included per Country, Year, and Question
APLA_T_L2<- APLA_T_L1 %>%
  group_by(Q1,Q2) %>%
  summarise(Frequency= sum(Included))

# Calculate Percentage by looking at number of "Included" per Country/Year as a % of total number of indicators = 57
APLA_T_L3<- APLA_T_L2 %>%
    mutate(Total=57) %>%
    mutate(Regulatory_Complexity= Frequency/Total*100) 

# Round Regulatory Complexity
APLA_T_L3$Regulatory_Complexity<- round(APLA_T_L3$Regulatory_Complexity)

# Rename Country and Year, and Year transformed in numeric
colnames(APLA_T_L3)[1] <- "Country"
colnames(APLA_T_L3)[2] <- "Year"
APLA_T_L3$Year<- as.numeric(as.character(APLA_T_L3$Year))

# Run Regulatory Complexity Code First

# Only Questions of Liberalisation and Comments included
APLA_T4<- APLA_T1 %>% select(1,2, ends_with(c("2_1")))

# Delete of first row
APLA_T4= APLA_T4[-1,]

# Pivot Table for data manipulation
APLA_T_L4 <- pivot_longer(APLA_T4, cols = colnames(APLA_T4)[3:length(colnames(APLA_T4))],
                        names_to = "Question", values_to = "Liberalisation_Score")

# Mutate Liberalisation Score into numeric
APLA_T_L4$Liberalisation_Score<- as.numeric(as.character(APLA_T_L4$Liberalisation_Score, na.rm= TRUE))
APLA_T_L4$Question<- as.factor(APLA_T_L4$Question)

APLA_T_L4[complete.cases(APLA_T_L4),]

# Aggregate values of Included per Country, Year, and Question
APLA_T_L5<- APLA_T_L4 %>%
  na.omit() %>%
  group_by(Q1,Q2) %>%
  summarise(Liberal_Policies= sum(Liberalisation_Score == 0), Restrictive_Policies= sum(Liberalisation_Score == 1)) %>%
  mutate(Sum_Both = Liberal_Policies + Restrictive_Policies) %>%
  mutate(Liberalisation= Liberal_Policies/ Sum_Both)
  
# Round Liberalisation
APLA_T_L5$Liberalisation<- round(APLA_T_L5$Liberalisation, digits = 2)

# Take only values where Total_Both => 9
APLA_T_L6<- APLA_T_L5[APLA_T_L5$Sum_Both >= 9, ]

# Rename Country and Year, and Year transformed in numeric
colnames(APLA_T_L6)[1] <- "Country"
colnames(APLA_T_L6)[2] <- "Year"
APLA_T_L6$Year<- as.numeric(as.character(APLA_T_L6$Year))

Plot Number of Refugees in Latin America, Regulatory Complexity and Liberalisation over Time

# Check and change class variable refugees
#class(APLA_Data_1$RefugeeAndLikeSit)
APLA_Data_1$RefugeeAndLikeSit<- as.numeric(APLA_Data_1$RefugeeAndLikeSit)

# Calculate maximum number of Refugees in each country (not used)
APLA_Data_1 %>%
group_by(Country) %>% summarize(m = max(RefugeeAndLikeSit))

## # A tibble: 20 × 2
##    Country                 m
##    <chr>               <dbl>
##  1 Argentina           11901
##  2 Bolivia               787
##  3 Brazil              20783
##  4 Chile                2001
##  5 Colombia              478
##  6 Costa Rica         276210
##  7 Cuba                   NA
##  8 Dominican Republic     NA
##  9 Ecuador            264907
## 10 El Salvador         20300
## 11 Guatemala          233236
## 12 Honduras           237100
## 13 Mexico             360991
## 14 Nicaragua           16000
## 15 Panama              17665
## 16 Paraguay              250
## 17 Peru                 2466
## 18 Rest of Region      62269
## 19 Uruguay               349
## 20 Venezuela          204340

# Create new variable All Other Countries
APLA_Data_Filtered_1<- APLA_Data_1 %>%
    filter(Country %in% c("Costa Rica","Ecuador","Guatemala","Honduras","Mexico","Venezuela","Rest of Region"))

# PLOT REFUGEE NUMBERS IN LATIN AMERICA
PLOT<- ggplot(APLA_Data_Filtered_1, aes(Year, RefugeeAndLikeSit, col= Country)) +
  geom_line()+
  facet_wrap(~ Country, scales = "free_y")+
  labs(title = "Figure 2: Refugees in Latin America", x = "", 
       caption = "Source: UNHCR", y = "Refugee Numbers")+
  theme(plot.title = element_text("serif", size = "14", hjust = 0.5))+
  theme_bw()

# PLOT WITH ADJUSTED LABELS
require(scales)
PLOT + scale_y_continuous(labels = comma) + 
    scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(1990, 2000, 2010, 2018))+
    theme(legend.position = "none")

#ggsave("Figure_2.jpg", width = 6, height = 4)

ggplot(APLA_T_L3, aes(Year, Regulatory_Complexity)) +
  geom_jitter(height=0.8, width = 0.7, aes(color="Country-Year"), alpha=0.5, size=2)+
  scale_colour_manual(name='', values = c("Locally Weighted Regression"= "red","Country-Year"="grey", "Linear Regression Line"= "blue"))+
  geom_smooth(linetype="dashed", aes(color="Locally Weighted Regression"), se=FALSE)+
  geom_smooth(method = 'lm', formula = y~x, aes(color="Linear Regression Line"), se=FALSE)+
  scale_shape(solid=FALSE)+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020))+
  theme_bw()+
  labs(title = "Figure 3: Regulatory Complexity of Asylum Policies in Latin America", caption = "Source: APLA", x = "") +
  ylab("Regulatory Complexity")+
  theme(plot.title = element_text("serif", size = "10", hjust = 0.5))+
  theme(legend.title = element_blank())+
  theme(legend.key = element_rect(fill = "white")) + guides(color=guide_legend(override.aes=list(fill=NA))) #+

  #scale_color_brewer(palette="Dark2")

#ggsave("Figure_3.jpg", width = 6, height = 4)

ggplot(APLA_T_L6, aes(Year, Liberalisation)) +
  geom_jitter(height=0.3, width = 0.7, aes(color="Country-Year"), alpha=0.5, size=2)+
  scale_colour_manual(name='', values = c("Locally Weighted Regression"= "red","Country-Year"="grey", "Linear Regression Line"= "blue"))+
  geom_smooth(linetype="dashed", aes(color="Locally Weighted Regression"), se=FALSE)+
  geom_smooth(method = 'lm', formula = y~x, aes(color="Linear Regression Line"), se=FALSE)+
  scale_shape(solid=FALSE)+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020))+
  theme_bw()+
  labs(title = "Figure 4: Liberalization of Asylum Policies in Latin America", caption = "Source: APLA", x = "")+
  ylab("Liberalization Score")+
  theme(plot.title = element_text("serif", size = "12", hjust = 0.5))+
  theme(legend.title = element_blank())+
  theme(legend.key = element_rect(fill = "white")) + guides(color=guide_legend(override.aes=list(fill=NA))) #+

  #scale_color_brewer(palette="Dark2")

#ggsave("Figure_4.jpg", width = 6, height = 4)

ggplot(APLA_T_L3, aes(Year, Regulatory_Complexity, col= Country)) +
  geom_line()+
  facet_wrap(.~ Country, ncol= 5)+
  theme(legend.position = "none")+  # to remove legend
  labs(title = "Figure 5: Regulatory Complexity in Asylum Policies across Latin America, 1990-2020", x = "", 
       caption = "Source: APLA", y = "Regulatory Complexity")+
  theme(plot.title = element_text("serif", size = "14", hjust = 0.5))

#ggsave("Figure_5.jpg", width = 12)

library(data.table)

APLA_T_L3<- APLA_T_L3 %>% mutate(South_America = if_else(Country %in% c("Argentina", "Bolivia", "Brazil", "Chile", "Colombia","Ecuador", "Paraguay", "Peru", "Uruguay", "Venezuela"), "1", "0"))

######

ggplot(APLA_T_L3, aes(Year, Regulatory_Complexity, shape=factor(South_America, labels=c("Rest of Latin America", "South America")), color=factor(South_America, labels=c("Rest of Latin America", "South America")))) +
  geom_jitter(height=0.8, width = 0.7)+
  geom_smooth(se=FALSE, aes(color=factor(South_America, labels=c("Rest of Latin America", "South America"))))+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020))+
  scale_color_brewer(palette="Dark2")+
  labs(title = "Figure 6: Regulatory Complexity, Latin America by Subregion", x = "", y= "Regulatory Complexity", 
       caption = "Source: APLA")+
  theme(plot.title = element_text("serif", size = "12", hjust = 0.5))+
  labs(color="Subregion", shape="Subregion")

Source: APLA Database.

#ggsave("Figure_6.jpg", width = 6, height = 4)

ggplot(APLA_T_L6, aes(Year, Liberalisation, col= Country)) +
  geom_line()+
  facet_wrap(.~ Country, ncol= 5)+
  theme(legend.position = "none")+  # to remove legend
 labs(title = "Figure 9: Liberalization in Asylum Policies across Latin America, 1990-2020", x = "", 
       caption = "Source: APLA", y = "Liberalization Score")+
  theme(plot.title = element_text("serif", size = "14", hjust = 0.5))

#ggsave("Figure_9.jpg", width = 12)

Plot Map of Countries Codified using APLA Dataset

world <- ne_countries(scale = "medium", returnclass = "sf")   # Map of World
#class(world)

APLA_Sel<- APLA_Map %>%                                       # Create Database with Selected Years for Plotting
  filter(Year %in% c("1990", "2000", "2010", "2020"))

# Rename column where names is "name", so that I can merge with my other dataset
colnames(world)[4] <- "Country"

# VERY IMPORTANT TO MERGE MAP AND DATA 
Map_APLA_Data<- merge(APLA_Sel, world, by="Country")

# to transform MAP_APLA from data frame into sf and data.frame
st_geometry(Map_APLA_Data) <- Map_APLA_Data$geometry


# Display all countries codified so far + Compass + Scale Bar + labels changed!+ Title. USE THIS
MAP<- tm_shape(Map_APLA_Data) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + 
  tm_layout(title="Figure 1: Countries Codified \nwith APLA,1990-2020", title.size = 1, title.position =c(0.5, "top")) + 
  tm_polygons("Codified", title="Codified APLA Countries", palette= "Blues", style="fixed", breaks=c(0, 0.1, 1), 
              labels=c("Not Codified","Codified Countries")) + tm_compass(position = c(0.3, 0.35)) + 
  tm_scale_bar(width = 0.22, position = c(0.65, 0.08)) + tm_text("Country", size = "AREA") + tm_credits("Source: APLA", position = c( "left", 0.15))

MAP

Source: APLA Database

#tmap_save(MAP, filename = "Figure_1.jpg")

Maps included in Paper

world <- ne_countries(scale = "medium", returnclass = "sf")
#class(world)

# Rename column where names is "name", so that I can merge with my other dataset
colnames(APLA)[1] <- "Name"
colnames(APLA)[2] <- "Year"
colnames(world)[4] <- "Name"

# Create Database with Selected Years for Plotting
Filtered_APLA<- APLA %>%                                       
  filter(Year %in% c("1990", "2000", "2010", "2020"))

# To Remove level from dropped rows!! 
Filtered_APLA<- droplevels(Filtered_APLA, drop=TRUE)

# VERY IMPORTANT TO MERGE MAP AND DATA 
Policy_Maps<- merge(Filtered_APLA, world, by="Name")

# to transform IMPALA from data frame into sf and data.frame
st_geometry(Policy_Maps) <- Policy_Maps$geometry

# to add colour to map
library(RColorBrewer)
#display.brewer.all()

# Cartagena Refugee Definition LA7
Enhanced_Map<- tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA7.1_1", title="Figure 8: Cartagena Refugee Definition \nSource: APLA", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Not Incorporated","Cartagena Incorporated")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")
Enhanced_Map

#tmap_save(Enhanced_Map, filename = "Figure_8.jpg")

# Asylum into Constitution  LA3
Constitution_Map<- tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA3.1_1", title="Figure 7: \nAsylum into Constitution\nSource: APLA", palette= "Blues", style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("Not Included","Included into Constitution")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")
Constitution_Map

#tmap_save(Constitution_Map, filename = "Figure_7.jpg")

# First Country of Asylum  Q101
First_Country_Map<- tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q101.1_1", title="Figure 10: \nFirst Country of Asylum \nPrinciple \nSource: APLA", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included into Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")
First_Country_Map

#tmap_save(First_Country_Map, filename = "Figure_10.jpg")

# Free Legal Assistance to Asylum Seeker LA47
Legal_Map<- tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA47.1_1", title="Figure 11: \nFree Legal Assistance \nSource: APLA", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Not guaranteed","Guaranteed")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")
Legal_Map

#tmap_save(Legal_Map, filename = "Figure_11.jpg")

Maps of Policy Measures Included in Legislation 1990 - 2020

# Cartagena Refugee Definition LA7
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA7.1_1", title="Cartagena Refugee Definition", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Not Incorporated","Cartagena Incorporated")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Resettling into Legislation  LA5
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA5.1_1", title="Resettlement Policy", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation", "Legislation but No Resettlement","Legislation with Resettlement")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Asylum into Constitution  LA3
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA3.1_1", title="Asylum into Constitution", palette= "Blues", style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("Not Included","Included into Constitution")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# First Country of Asylum  Q101
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q101.1_1", title="First Country of Asylum \n Principle", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included into Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Subsidiary Status Q278
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q278.1_1", title="Subsidiary Protection Status \n or Ad Hoc Legal Status", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included into Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Environmental Refugees Q204
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q204.1_1", title="Environmental Refugees", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included into Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Detained Asylum Seekers Q133
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q133.1_1", title="Detention Asylum Seekers", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Not Legal","Legal")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Fast Track for weak asylum claims q188
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q188.1_1", title="Fast Track for Weak Asylum Claims", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included into Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Written Asylum Request q172
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q172.1_1", title="Written Asylum Request", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Required","Legislation and Required")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Asylum Seeker Right to Interview q174
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q174.1_1", title="Asylum Seekers' Right \n to Interview", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Asylum Seeker Right to Legal Representative q180
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q180.1_1", title="Asylum Seekers' Right to \n a Legal Representative", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Time Limit to Submit Asylum Request q184
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q184.1_1", title="Time Limit to Submit \n an Asylum Request", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Not Time Limit","Time Limit")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Special Procedures for Children Asylum Seekers q190
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q190.1_1", title="Special Procedures for \n Children Asylum Seekers", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Right to Work q54
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q54.1_1", title="Right to Work", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Application at border entry q58
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("Q58.1_1", title="Application at Border \n Entry Possible", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Recognition Duties to International Treaties LA1
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA1.1_1", title="Recognition Duties Imposed by \n International Treaties", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Special Procedures for Mass Influx of Refugees LA11
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA11.1_1", title="Special Procedures to Deal with \n Mass Influx of Refugees", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# No Penalisation for Illegal Entry LA13
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA13.1_1", title="No Penalisation for \n Irregular Entry", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Recognition Declarative Character Refugee Condition LA15
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA15.1_1", title="Recognition Declarative Character \n of Refugee Condition", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Duty of Public Officials to pass on a request for asylum to competent authorities LA17
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA17.1_1", title="Duty of Public Officials to \n Process Asylum Requests", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Right to Family Unity LA23
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA23.1_1", title="Right to Family Unity", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Ease Recognition Professional/Academic Qualifications LA27
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA27.1_1", title="Ease Recognition Profession \nor Academic Qualification", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# ID Mention Refugee Status LA29
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA29.1_1", title="ID Mentions Refugee Status", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","ID does not mention Refugee Status","ID can mention Refugee Status")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Guaranteed Access to Asylum Process LA31
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA31.1_1", title="Guaranteed Access to \n the Asylum Process", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Application can be submitted through UNHCR LA33
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA33.1_1", title="Application can be \n submitted through UNHCR", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Confidentiality as part of Asylum Process LA37
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA37.1_1", title="Confidentiality as Part of \n the Asylum Process", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Lack Documentation no Obstacle to Asylum Request Submission LA39
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA39.1_1", title="Lack Documentation not an \n Obstacle to the Submission \n of an Asylum Request", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Right to Appeal First Instance Decision LA41
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA41.1_1", title="Right to Appeal a \n Negative Asylum Decision", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Appeal Decision Body Independent LA43
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA43.1_1", title="Appeal Decision Body \n Indepdendent from First Instance", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("Appeal not Possible","Appeal Not Independent","Appeal Independent")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Gratuity of Refugee Process LA45
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA45.1_1", title="Gratuity of Asylum \n Process Guaranteed", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Not guaranteed","Guaranteed")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Free Legal Assistance to Asylum Seeker LA47
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA47.1_1", title="Free Legal Assistance", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Not guaranteed","Guaranteed")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Interview Considers Social Background LA49
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA49.1_1", title="Interview Considers Social\n Background of \n Asylum Seeker", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Prohibition to contact country of origin without permission LA51
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA51.1_1", title="Prohibition to Contact \n Country of Origin", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Is UNHCR represented in refugee status decision council LA53
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA53.1_1", title="UNHCR representation \nin National Refugee Council", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Is UNHCR informed if negative last instance decision
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA57.1_1", title="UNHCR informed if Negative Decision", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Reasonable Time Limit to Submit Appeal Request LA59
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA59.1_1", title="Reasonable Time to \n Submit an Appeal", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("Appeal not Possible","Less than 15 Days","15 Days or More")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Special Measures to Guarantee Womens' Access to Asylum Process LA61 
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA61.1_1", title="Special Measures To Guarantee \nWomens' Access to \nthe Asylum Process", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Special Measures for people with special needs LA63 
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA63.1_1", title="Special Measures for \nVulnerable People", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

# Refugee Status due to Persecution based on Gender LA65 
tm_shape(Policy_Maps) + tm_borders("black", lwd= .5) + tm_polygons("LA65.1_1", title="Persecution due to \nGender Recognised", palette= c("#ef8a62","#f7f7f7", "#67a9cf"), style="fixed", breaks=c(0.0, 0.9, 1.0), labels=c("No or Underdeveloped Legislation","Legislation but Not Included","Included in Legislation")) + tm_facets(by = "Year")

Additional Plots Not included in the Paper

Model1<-lm(formula=Regulatory_Complexity~Year, data=APLA_T_L3)

# Second step obtain presdicted and residual values
Model1$predicted <- predict(Model1)
Model1$residuals <- residuals(Model1)

# Eight Step  Change legend
ggplot(Model1, aes(x=Year, y=Regulatory_Complexity))+
  geom_jitter(width = 0.8, height = 0.2, color="lightgrey")+
  geom_smooth(method = "lm", se=FALSE, color= "lightgrey")+
  geom_segment(aes(xend=Year, yend=Model1$predicted), alpha= .2, color="lightgrey")+
  geom_point(aes(color=abs(Model1$residuals), size=abs(Model1$residuals)))+
  scale_color_continuous(low="black", high="red")+
  guides(color=FALSE, size=guide_legend("Size of Residuals"))+
  geom_point(aes(y=Model1$predicted), shape=1, color="lightgrey")+
  theme_bw()+
  scale_x_continuous(breaks = c(1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2020))+
  ggtitle("Residuals of Regulatory Complexity in Asylum Policies in Latin America")+
  ylab("Regulatory Complexity")+
  theme(plot.title = element_text("serif", size = "14", hjust = 0.5))

# Merge Regulatory_Complexity and Liberalisation
APLA_Data_Filtered<- APLA_T_L3 %>%
    left_join(APLA_T_L6, by = c("Country", "Year"))

# Filter low values
APLA_Data_Filtered<- APLA_Data_Filtered %>%
    filter(Regulatory_Complexity > 15)

# Plot Relation between Regulatory Complexity and Liberalisation
ggplot(APLA_Data_Filtered, aes(Regulatory_Complexity, Liberalisation))+
  geom_jitter(width=0.5, height= 0.5)+
  geom_smooth()

Omar Hammoud Gallego

27/05/2021

Upload Packages and Data

Calculate Regulatory Complexity and Liberalisation

Plot Number of Refugees in Latin America, Regulatory Complexity and Liberalisation over Time

Plot Map of Countries Codified using APLA Dataset

Maps included in Paper

Maps of Policy Measures Included in Legislation 1990 - 2020

Additional Plots Not included in the Paper